Monday, July 20, 2020
Help Maintain Sobriety With Money Management
Help Maintain Sobriety With Money Management Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print Money Management as a Tool to Help Maintain Abstinence Work and Money Can Be Problems for Alcoholics and Addicts By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 26, 2019 Jessica Petersen/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Returning to work after going through a professional alcohol and drug rehab program is usually a necessity for most, but employment and money management can be problematic for alcoholics and addicts. If you reached the point in your drinking or drug use that you required professional treatment, there is a good chance your substance abuse progressed to the level that it affected your employment record. Recovering alcoholics and addicts frequently have problems meeting work-related responsibilities, maintaining employment and managing money. Problems With Employment Although returning to employment can improve self-esteem and help you become more responsible, supporting yourself and your family, going back to work can provide a new set of relapse triggers for people in recovery: Just the act of returning to the real world of work from a residential rehab program can be a major psychosocial stressor.The fear of failure, actual failure, and similar fears can result in a further loss of self-esteem.If you previously drank with co-workers after work, or bought drugs or did drugs with co-workers, returning to the job can be a situational trigger for relapse.The job itself can be highly stressful. Many alcoholics and addicts used in the first place to escape or unwind after a stressful day at work. Using the Tools Youve Learned If you are in follow-up care from your professional rehab program, your counselor will help you prepare to return to your employment or to the job market. You will be reminded of all of the tools that you learned in early abstinence that you can now put into practice in everyday life to maintain a sober lifestyle. You can review the steps that lead to a relapse and make sure you are not falling into any of the usual stinking thinking traps. Even while working, you can stay in touch with your support system and, if needed, increase your attendance at your support group meetings. Returning to work can be tough, but at this point in your recovery, you have the skills and tools to handle it. Problems With Money Returning to work also means that you will start having to manage your money responsibly. This can be a problem for many alcoholics and addicts. Typically, people active in their substance abuse are often irresponsible with money. And for addicts, in particular, having money can be a trigger for returning to drug use. Many addicts get to the point that any time they have money, they use it to purchase drugs. Some get to the point where they will buy drugs instead of buying food or paying rent. Also, many alcoholics and addicts can easily fall into other compulsive behaviors that can negatively affect their finances, such as gambling or compulsive spending. Managing Your Money If you have had problems with money management in the past, your continuing care counselor will probably make suggestions based on your previous experiences. By this time, your counselor probably knows you pretty well and knows whether or not money is going to be a problem for you as you return to work. Depending on your personal history with managing money, your counselor may recommend: Turning your money over to someone you trust (and who is not doing drugs), such as a spouse or parent.Avoid having or using an ATM card.Placing your money into an account so that you have to physically go to the bank to make a withdrawal. Avoid the Money Trigger If having money has been a trigger for you in the past, putting your money where its not easily available to you might be wise. If you have to go to the bank to make a withdrawal transaction, that takes time and planning and could deter you from impulsively making a drug buy.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
What Makes A Work Of Art - 777 Words
Collingwood starts his essay by answering the question of what is a work of art. According to Collingwood, art is a habitual process. To further explain the habitual process, Collingwood compares artââ¬â¢s habitual creation to the humanââ¬â¢s habitual process of speech. While discussing art, he mentions that there are two theories that impose his own; however, he doesnââ¬â¢t believe to argue on them because itââ¬â¢s theorization and requires a person actually to solve it before arguing against it. However, Collingwood notes that theories have a similarity to art, and that is the process of creation. The next section of his essay discusses making and creating. Collingwood believes ââ¬Å"the act of procreation is a voluntary act, and those who do it are responsible for what they are doing, but it not done by any specialized form of skill.â⬠However, when it comes to a person who creates things regarding ââ¬Å"acting voluntarilyâ⬠and thus assumes a role of responsibility, rather than peruse any ulterior ends and motives, it is not a process of ââ¬Å"rawâ⬠creation. Thus, the artist is aware he/she does not make anything according to a preconceived plan, nor are they ââ¬Å"imposing a new form upon a given matter.â⬠However, God, on the other hand, is able to create things out of nothing and thus can impose a new form. With this distinction, Collingwood can show the difference between the artist as a creator and God. The section titled Creation and Imagination attempts to explain the process of creation. CollingwoodShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Theory Of Art?1446 Words à |à 6 Pagesmust be met for something to be an artwork. What are these criteria? What is the difficulty with the first two criteria that led him to offer the third and final criteria. What is a theory of art? Why might one think these criteria lead to a circular theory of art? Why would one be wrong in this assessment? Critics have been trying to determine what exactly the definition art is for many years now. Throughout history, identifying what was art and what was not was presumed to be obvious. ThereforeRead MoreEssay on The Many Forms of Art1146 Words à |à 5 Pagesreveal, to order and disorder, with or without a purpose. Yet the definition of what is art is obscure, we are able to recognise for ourselves but not express concisely what art is. Art has ââ¬Ëa complicated network of overlapping series of similaritiesââ¬â¢ (Law, 2003) however there is not one feature that all art has in common. The classification of Art does not fit into the classic logic argument where to be defined as art the object must have a stated characteristic, as in the manner of classifyingRead MoreAisha Osman. Matthew Brogden. Engl 3001W: Textual Analysis1535 Words à |à 7 PagesIn Tradition and the Individual Talent, T.S. Eliot makes an argument against artists expressing their own emotions and their own personal experiences to a work of art. Eliot goes into detail in how personal experiences in a work of art would essentially be pushing your own emotions on to the reader whether they want them or not. He also highlights the benefits of allowing the text to speak for itself, in a sense. Eliot believes that true art is art that can give its own emotions without the input ofRead MoreReview Of The Principles Of Art 988 Words à |à 4 PagesCollingwood begins ââ¬Å"The Principles of Artâ⬠by determining to define what is a work of art. He suggests it is made, but not by turning a medium in to some thing, and not by use of planning. Here Collingwood considers that it should be determined what sort of ââ¬Å"makingâ⬠it is when art is made. It is not construction, like a bridge, nor is it accidental. In the past, it was thought that neither the skill of the artist nor his conscious mind had anything to do with art, for it was inspiration given by GodRead MoreThe Problem Defined By In Collingswood s Essay908 Words à |à 4 Pagesdefined: In Collingswoodââ¬â¢s essay, he begins with a question on what is a work of art. He defines this idea by asking two questions on the origin of the art (which is not made of altering a raw material) and of the artist. First he discusses the artist, and how the art is composed. He remarks that something is controlling the artist and what it might be and elaborates that it is not the artist skill but the control that is producing the art. This control can be thought of as inspiration but leavesRead MoreArt : Art And Art1744 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat is it that attracts us to art? Have you ever wondered exactly why abstract art displays in art museums are indefinitely more valued than that of an art piece created by a child? If you happen to be unaware of what abstract art is all about, it is the only art form in which is solely based upon creating art using shapes, forms, colors and lines to create a composition designed to have no aesthetic significance whatsoever. In this, it is meant that abstract art is completely detached from realityRead MoreThe Important Elements Of Art1423 Words à |à 6 PagesArt historians work just like real detectives, they quest for valuable information about a work of art and its history. The detective work is very vital for many reasons for example information about a work of art can help determine the value of the art as well as its meaning. One the other hand, the human eye is incredible sometimes we take for granted because it allows us to see pictures as a whole rather than in parts. And yet, images like painting and drawings can be broken down into specificRead MoreEssay on Art and the Bible1429 Words à |à 6 PagesArt and the Bible Art and the Bible is an interesting approach at looking at art in all of its forms. It also answers the question what is the place of art in the Christian life? Along with the question it tries to put a general perspective on art. The different types of art that are mentioned are writing, painting, poetry, drama and music. The question is answered by looking in the Bible and finding specific example regarding art in all of its forms. The general perspectives on art are lookedRead MoreWhat Is Art?, And Marcel Duchamp s The Creative Act1067 Words à |à 5 PagesToday day, art still is a controversial subject of aesthetics, in discussing whether variety form of modern visual art is art or not. In Laurie Schneider Adamsââ¬â¢ article ââ¬Å"What is Art?â⬠and Marcel Duchampââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Creative Actâ⬠, they have own criteria to definite what the nature of art, its meaning and its function. In evaluation Doris Salcedoââ¬â¢s art work Atrabilious, a set of worn shoe s encased in rectangle niches on the wall. I agree with their explanation of art thought the combined in structure andRead MoreEssay On The NEA919 Words à |à 4 Pages Every day we see art whether it is a pattern, sculpture, or even a picture. Art is everywhere. For artists to show their work they would go under the government process of the NEA. This program is wonderful on what they do with art. The government funding of art through the NEA is beneficial which helps art programs increase with money donations, the right to express your freedom, and lastly to show the public what they are wanting to see. The NEA helps art programs increase with money donations
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Geranium - 859 Words
Date: 15/02/10 Title: The Geranium Text type: Short story Author: Patricia Grace This short story, The Geranium, by Patricia Grace and published 1993, is a perfect example of Battered woman syndrome and the mental effects it has on a person in this case Marney. In the geranium, the main character, Marney is a stay at home mother. She cleans intensely all day and seems rather dull. She does not leave the house even when one of the girls tells her to come for a stretch. You know she is hesitant and you can feel that there is something stopping her from leaving. There seems to be a routine of non-stop cleaning, because when her friends, Sandra and Joe, come over this doesnt stop her from making sure things are clean,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A bit of change to brighten her days. But she is damaged from her abuse, and shows she has no freewill. Immediately faltering under Bobââ¬â¢s orders she ââ¬Å"put it into [a] scrap bucketâ⬠as if it was of little matter to her. The â⠬Å"sink emptyingâ⬠is her life being drained away. She watches as her life is taken away from here, because she was unable to speak up. She has let her chance slip away and has been doomed to the same dull days. I think the ideas that Patricia Grace is trying to get across is that; domestic violence isnââ¬â¢t all physical, that it can happen very much behind the scenes and the ways in which it can affect people. Although we get hints that Marney is physically abused such as; when Grace mentions that Marney ââ¬Å"would put on her cardigan to hide her arm,â⬠and when Bob grips her arm until it hurts, we never actually get any evidence of serious physical abuse. When the Sandra and Joe come over they dress Bob up as an amazing guy compared to their drunkard partners. Bob always has the groceries, and doesnââ¬â¢t come home drunk all the time. But behind the scenes he is very different from the picture the girls have made. He is threatening towards Marney and extremely controlling. He has scared into such an intense routine that she is no longer able to change that routine and is stuck to doing whatever he wants her to. This shows us thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Geran ium 901 Words à |à 4 PagesBackground-Flannery O Connor was an only child and was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia. She lost her father when she was a teenager. She studied Writing in the University of Iowa for a masters and published her first short story called ââ¬Å"The Geraniumâ⬠in 1946. She wrote novels but is mostly well known for her short stories. She received various award throughout her carries, one of those being O. Henry Award in 1957. After fighting lupus for more than a decade, she died in August 3, 1964. SummaryRead MoreEssay on The Geranium and Judgment Day2602 Words à |à 11 Pagesis these beliefs that give my work its chief characteristicsâ⬠(OConnor Habit 147ââ¬â8).She showed this narrowness repeatedly by her choice of themes, styles and views, and included them in stories such as ââ¬Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge,â⬠ââ¬Å"The Geranium,â⬠ââ¬Å"The Artificial Nigger,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Judgment Day.â⬠Flannery OConnor was born and raised in Savannah, Georgia. She was raised by her mother and father, though a hereditary disease, lupus, took her father away from her at the age of fifteen. Her religionRead MoreA Commentary on the Geranium by Theodore Roethke Essay828 Words à |à 4 PagesPoetry Analysis The poem ââ¬Å"The Geraniumâ⬠by Theodore Roethke tells the story of a bachelor, formerly a party animal, now a lonely, aging man, through a sustained metaphor which uses the speakerââ¬â¢s geranium as a symbol for the disregard of his own health. The plant is never well, nor is he, due to the speaker being as inconsiderate to the geranium as he is to himself. With imagery, alliteration, and symbolism, much is learned about the speaker through a simple geranium to which he is intrinsically intertwinedRead MoreEssay on Us of Symbols in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee1178 Words à |à 5 Pagescolour or peculiar behavioural patterns. Lee incorporates several different symbols within the text that assist in developing the ideas and beliefs held by both Scout and Jem such as; the Mockingbird, Mrs Duboseââ¬â¢ Camellias and Mayella Ewellââ¬â¢s red Geraniums all of which play important roles on the childrenââ¬â¢s conscience and sense of justice. A Mockingbird is an innocent animal that exists solely to make music, it does not harm nor offend any around it but rather tries to make life more pleasant. ScoutRead MoreCourage Is A Man With A Gun1350 Words à |à 6 Pagesand Scout met several circumstances that other kids werenââ¬â¢t exposed to and they learned to forgive and and appreciate others the way they are. Compassion and forgiveness are perceptible in this book and appreciable things like Camellias, and Red Geraniums can represent such strong emotions. The author of his novels was Harper Lee. Lee was born April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama, the youngest of four children (three girls and a boy) born to Amasa Coleman Lee and Francis Cunningham Finch Lee (Shmoop)Read MoreForecasting: Abc Flower Shop1163 Words à |à 5 Pages(Inman, 2011). 3-Day and 5-Day Moving Averages ABC Flower Shop has acquired data of the past 14 days relating to the sale of geraniums. The quantitative method the store will use is called Moving Averages (MA). The store will use a 3-day and 5-day moving average to determine future customer demands. Table 1: 3-Day and 5-Day Moving Average Forecasts (Geraniums) Days |Demand |3-Day MA |5-Day MA |3-Day MA Error |5-Day MA Error |3-Day Mean Abs. Dev. |5-Day Mean Abs. Dev. | |1 |200 | | | | | |Read MoreEssay on Analysis of ââ¬Å"the Rages of Mrs. Torrensâ⬠by Olga Masters694 Words à |à 3 Pageseyes with her hair and laughing ââ¬Å"Mumma cant drive the car properly if you do thatâ⬠which later spreads around the town. Mrs. Torrens shows her flamboyant personality and love for her husband when she appears at the mill dressed in black, with geraniums on her scarf and hat. She climbs up on the fence so that everyone must look up to her. ââ¬Å"What have you done to my mannikan?... My beautiful, beautiful mannikan,â⬠she says as she walks back and forth on the fence top. She is not satisfied with theRead MoreSymbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay526 Words à |à 3 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird is a book with several examples of symbolism. Although the story is seen through a childââ¬â¢s perspective, it includes multiple inst ances of symbolism, some more obvious than others. Mockingbirds, Mayellaââ¬â¢s geraniums, and the Radley household are all big symbols in To Kill a Mockingbird. An example of symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird is mockingbirds themselves. When Atticus says ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢Iââ¬â¢d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know youââ¬â¢ll go after birds. Shoot allRead MoreThe Effect Of Modern Medicine On Health, Wellness, And Fitness1397 Words à |à 6 Pagesname a few, as well as being an insect repellent. Geranium Essential Oil - Geranium or Geranium Rose also works wonderfully on both physiological and psychological levels. It s floral aroma is brightening and uplifting, while also working as a calming agent. Adding the oil to a bath, or spraying on the body with a water mixture after a long day s efforts can work wonders for revitalizing mind and body, particularly for women. Geranium oil can be effective for menopausal problems, uterine
Project/Portfolio Fact Pattern Handout Free Essays
Facts ââ¬â Little Louie 1. Unemployed 2. Dates Wild Wanda 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Project/Portfolio Fact Pattern Handout or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plans to rob a bank with Billy Bad Boy and Vinnie Bagadonuts. 4. Knows a gun collector named Smith 5. Breaks into Smithââ¬â¢s house 6. Breaks into the gun locker and steals couple of handguns, sawed-off shotgun, and automatic weapons. 7. Robs the bank 8. In a shootout with the armed guard a bank teller and police officer is shot. 9. Runs from the police officers. 10. Breaks into Smokeyââ¬â¢s house. Little Louie 1. Conspiracy à à à Title 18, Part 1, Ch, 19, à §Ã 371 2. Burglary ââ¬â break an entering à à à à à ORC, Title29, Ch 2911, à § 2911. 2 à à a) Breaking glass window into Smiths house 3. Second count of burglary ââ¬â guns à à à à à à ORC, Title29, Ch 2911, à § 2911. 12 à à a) Breaking into the gun case b) Saw off shotgun c) Several hand guns d) Automatic weapons 4. Robbery ââ¬â bank à à Title18, Part 1, Ch 103, à § 2113 5. Murder of police officer à à Title18, Part 1, Ch 51, à § 1114 6. M urder of a bank teller à à Title 18, Part 1, Ch 51, à § 1111 7. Fleeing and eluding police officer à à à à à à à ORC, Title 29, Ch 2921, à § 2921. 331 Offense Charge with amp; Defense possibly for Little Louie Little Louie is charged with conspiracy because he had talked planned with Billy Bad Boy and Vince Bagadonuts. Little Louie is charged with two counts of 5th degree felony burglary for in the Smithââ¬â¢s home and take his guns. Little Louie is charge with two counts of 1st degree felony Aggavated Murder one of a police officer and the other is the bank teller. Little Louie is charged with one count of fleeing and eluding of a police officer. Little Louie claims that Vinnie Bagadonuts was the one that shot the officer and bank teller and that also he was the one that broke into the house, and that à along with him. How to cite Project/Portfolio Fact Pattern Handout, Papers
Sunday, April 26, 2020
Nmap Essay Example
Nmap Paper Title:- Network Scanning using NMAP in Windows Exp. No:-1 Aim:- To study NMAP Software and demonstrate using various websites. Theory:- Nmap (ââ¬Å"Network Mapperâ⬠) is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, although it works fine against single hosts. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. While Nmap is commonly used for security audits, many systems and network administrators find it useful for routine tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. The output from Nmap is a list of scanned targets, with supplemental information on each depending on the options used. Key among that information is the ââ¬Å"interesting ports tableâ⬠. That table lists the port number and protocol, service name, and state. The state is either open, filtered, closed, or unfiltered. Open means that an application on the target machine is listening for connections/packets on that port. Filtered means that a firewall, filter, or other network obstacle is blocking the port so that Nmap cannot tell whether it is open or closed. Closed ports have no application listening on them, though they could open up at any time. Ports are classified as unfiltered when they are responsive to Nmaps probes, but Nmap cannot determine whether they are open or closed. Nmap reports the state combinations open|filtered and closed|filtered when it cannot determine which of the two states describe a port. We will write a custom essay sample on Nmap specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nmap specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nmap specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The port table may also include software version details when version detection has been requested. When an IP protocol scan is requested (-sO), Nmap provides information on supported IP protocols rather than listening ports. The topology view uses many symbols and color conventions. This section explains what they mean. | | | | | | Each regular host in the network is represented by a little circle. The color and size of the circle is determined by the number of open ports on the host. The more open ports, the larger the circle. A white circle represents an intermediate host in a network path that was not port scanned. If a host has fewer than three open ports, it will be green; between three and six open ports, yellow; more than six open ports, red. | | | | | If a host is a router, switch, or wireless access point, it is drawn with a square rather than a circle. | | Network distance is shown as concentric gray rings. Each additional ring signifies one more network hop from the center host. | | Connections between hosts are shown with colored lines. Primary traceroute connections are shown with blue lines. Alternate paths (paths between two hosts where a different path already exists) are drawn in orange. Which path is primary and which paths are alternates is arbitrary and controlled by the order in which paths were recorded. The thickness of a line is proportional to its round-trip time; hosts with a higher RTT have a thicker line. Hosts with no traceroute information are clustered around localhost, connected with a dashed black line. | | If there is no RTT for a hop (a missing traceroute entry), the connection is shown with a blue dashed line and the unknown host that makes the connection is shown with a blue outline. | Some special-purpose hosts may carry one or more icons describing what type of host they are: | | A router. | A switch. | | A wireless access point. | | A firewall. | | A host with some ports filtered. | Procedure:1. Click on the nmap icon(eye-shaped) in order to start nmap. 2. After nmap opens,type the name of a website or any specific IP address in the ââ¬ËTargetââ¬â¢ column. 3. Select the type of scan(intense,quick. etc) in the ââ¬ËProfileââ¬â¢. 4. nm ap displays all the relevant output details which includes a. nmap output b. ports/hosts c. topology d. host details e. scans. Example of NMAP software using wikipedia website Topology of Wikipedia website. Conclusion:- Hence we have studied NMAP Software with various websites.
Wednesday, March 18, 2020
buy custom Algerian War essay
buy custom Algerian War essay Algerian war implied to the conflict that involved the movements of independence in Algerians and France which took place between the years 1954 and 1962. The end analysis after the war was the gaining of independence in Algeria from France. This therefore implies that the war was a decolonization one that made it to be a complicated conflict whose notable characteristics were the guerrilla type of warfare, terrorism to the civilians, the application of torture by both parties, the use of maquis fighting in addition to the use of the operations of counter-terrorism by French Army The actual causes of the war that took place in Algeria were the invasion of the French, the inevitable fundamentalism of the Islam in addition to the collapse of democracy. There was a need for the achievement of independence among the Algerians and this could only be achieved through the use of the war since the French were reluctant to give independence to the Algerians. The French settlers were particularly unwilling to facilitate for the independence of the natives due to the privileges they had with regard to their lifestyles relative to the Algerians (Aussaresses, 2006). During the era of the pacification as well as the periods that were associated with colonization that came after the conquest, there was a feeling of hesitation among the French people on the decisions regarding the most appropriate policies that were to be adopted. This is in respect to the policies of colonization, the regime of local government, the possibility of assimilation, departmentalization or the use of semi-autonomy. It was evident that for the century that followed, even at the termination of the world war two, Algeria continued to heavily depend on France on economical as well as political matters. This resulted to the upcoming of most of the uprisings especially as concerns the Setif as well as the Guelma which were suppressed in a brutal manner (Maran, 1989). Buy custom Algerian War essay
Monday, March 2, 2020
What You Need to Know About the Black Death
What You Need to Know About the Black Death When historians refer to The Black Death, they mean the specific outbreak of plague that took place in Europe in the mid-14th century. It was not the first time plague had come to Europe, nor would it be the last. A deadly epidemic known as the Sixth-Century Plagueà or Justinians plagueà struck Constantinople and parts of southern Europe 800 years earlier, but it did not spread as far as the Black Death, nor did it take nearly as many lives. The Black Death came to Europe in October of 1347, spread swiftly through most of Europe by the end of 1349 and on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. It returned several times throughout the rest of the century. The Black Death was also known asà The Black Plague, the Great Mortality, and the Pestilence. The Disease Traditionally, the disease that most scholars believe struck Europe was Plague. Best known as the bubonic plague for the buboes (lumps) that formed on the victims bodies, Plague also took pneumonic and septicemic forms. Other diseases have been postulated by scientists, and some scholars believe that there was a pandemic of several diseases, but currently, the theory of Plague (in all its varieties) still holds among most historians.ââ¬â¹ Where the Black Death Started Thus far, no one has been able to identify the point of origin of the Black Death with any precision.à It started somewhere in Asia, possibly in China, possibly at Lake Issyk-Kul in central Asia. How the Black Death Spread Through these methods of contagion, the Black Death spread via trade routesà from Asia to Italy, and thence throughout Europe: Bubonic Plague was spread by the fleas who lived on plague-infected rats, and such rats were ubiquitous on trading ships.Pneumonic Plague could spread with a sneeze and jump from person to person with terrifying speed.Septicemic Plague spread through contact with open sores. Death Tolls It is estimated that approximately 20 million people died in Europe from the Black Death. This is about one-third of the population. Many cities lost more than 40% of their residents, Paris lost half, and Venice, Hamburg, and Bremen are estimated to have lost at least 60% of their populations. Contemporary Beliefs About the Plague In the Middle Ages, the most common assumption was that God was punishing mankind for its sins. There were also those who believed in demonic dogs, and in Scandinavia, the superstition of the Pest Maiden was popular. Some people accused the Jews of poisoning wells; the result was horrific persecution of Jews that the papacy was hard-put to stop. Scholars attempted a more scientific view, but they were hampered by the fact that the microscope wouldnt be invented for several centuries. The Universityà of Paris conducted a study, the Paris Consilium, which, after serious investigation, ascribed the plague to a combination of earthquakes and astrological forces. How People Reacted to the Black Death Fear and hysteria were the most common reactions. People fled the cities in panic, abandoning their families. Noble acts by doctors and priests were overshadowed by those who refused to treat their patients or give last rites to plague victims. Convinced the end was near, some sank into wild debauchery; others prayed for salvation. Flagellants went from one town to another, parading through the streets and whipping themselves to demonstrate their penitence. Effects of the Black Death on Europe Social Effects The marriage rate rose sharply- in part due to predatory men marrying rich orphans and widows.The birth rate also rose, though recurrences of the plague kept population levels reduced.There were notable increases in violence and debauchery.Upward mobility took place on a small scale. Economic Effects A surplus of goods resulted in overspending; it was swiftly followed by a shortage of goods and inflation.A shortage of laborers meant they were able to charge higher prices; the government tried to limit these fees to pre-plague rates. Effects on the Church The Church lost many people, but the institution became richer through bequests. It also grew richer by charging more money for its services, such as saying mass for the dead.Less-educated priests were shuffled into jobs where more learned men had died.The failure of the clergy to help the suffering during the plague, combined with its obvious wealth and the incompetence of its priests, caused resentment among the people. Critics grew vocal, and the seeds of the Reformation were sown.
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